NOTES

1. Barbara Kendall-Davies, The Life and Work of Pauline Viardot García. I: The years of fame 1836-1863 (London: Cambridge Scholar Press, 2003), 1.

2. Ibid., 6.

3. April Fitzlyon, The Price of Genius: A Life of Pauline Viardot (New York: Appleton-Century, 1964), 25.

4. Ibid., 30.

5. Ibid., 37.

6. Beatrix Borchard, "Pauline Viardot," Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy, <http://www.grovemusic.com> (accessed 7 October 2007).

7. Kendall-Davies, 25. It is of note that the critic was not correct about her age; she was only 16 at the time of this performance.

8. Ibid., 23.

9. Fitzlyon, 380.

10. Ibid., 79.

11. Rachel M. Harris, "The Music Salon of Pauline Viardot: Featuring Her Salon Opera Cendrillon" (DMA dissertation, Louisiana State University, 2005), 9.

12. Kendall-Davies, 178.

13. Fitzlyon, 306.

14. Ibid., 305.

15. Harold Bruder "The Life and Work of Pauline Viardot Garcia, Volume I: The Years of Fame, 1836-1863," Opera Quarterly 21, no. 4 (Autumn 2005): 755.

16. Kendall-Davis, 255.

17. David Tunley, Salons, Singers and Songs: A Background to Romantic French Song (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2002), 48.

18. Ibid., 366.

19. Bruder, 756.

20. Fitzlyon, 264.

21. Kendall-Davies, 339.

22. Fitzlyon, 275.

23. Kendall-Davies, 356.

24. Paul is speculated to be the son of Ivan Turgenev because he suspiciously resembled Turgenev much more that Louis Viardot.

25. Kendall-Davis, 384.

26. Ibid., 401.

27. Fitzlyon, 346.

28. Ibid., 361.

29. Ibid., 355.

30. Kendall-Davis, 415.

31. Shortly after this premiere, the Franco-Prussian War forced the Viardots, who were in Germany to escape the Second Empire of France, to leave for London. They lived in London until 1872 in dirty conditions, being forced to the "musical hack-work" of giving lessons to any student available and performing concerts at the age of fifty just to make money (Fitzlyon, 409). After the war, the Baden-Baden property was sold and the Viardots returned to their old home in the Rue de Douai in Paris, where her meetings with composers would continue.

32. Kendall-Davis, 436.

33. Ibid., 459.

34. Harris, 18.

35. Jamée Ard, "Pauline García Viardot," in Sylvia Glickman and Martha Furman Schleifer, eds., Women Composers: Music Throughout the Age, vol. 7 (New Haven, CT: G.K. Hall & Co., 2003), 160.

36. Fitzlyon, 95.

37. Ibid., 95.

38. Ibid., 229.

39. Carolyn Shuster, "Six Mazurkas trancrites pour chant et piano par Pauline Viardot," Revue de Musicologie 75, no. 2 (1989): 269.

40. Fitzlyon, 229.

41. Jerome Rose, "Chopin's Collaborator," Keyboard Classics 8, no. 6 (1988): 7.

42. Jennifer Roberts Edwards, "Pauline Viardot's Song Settings of German Poetry: The Relationship Between Music and Text" (DMA dissertation, University of Missouri - Kansas City, 1997).

43. Shuster, 270.

44. Glickman and Schleifer, 160.

45. Fitzlyon, 390.

46. Ibid., 395.

SOURCES

Azoury, Pierre. Chopin Through His Contemporaries: Friends, Lovers and Rivals. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999.

Borchard, Beatrix. "Pauline Viardot," Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy <http://www.grovemusic.com>.

Bruder, Harold. "The Life and Work of Pauline Viardot García, Volume I: The Years of Fame, 1836-1863 (Review)." Opera Quarterly 21, no. 4 (Autumn 2005): 752-757.

Edwards, Jennifer Roberts. "Pauline Viardot's Song Settings of German Poetry: The Relationship Between Music and Text." DMA dissertation, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 1997.

Everist, Mark. "Enshrining Mozart: Don Giovanni and the Viardot Circle." 19th-century Music 25, no. 2-3 (2002): 165-189.

Fitzlyon, April. The Price of Genius: A Life of Pauline Viardot. New York: Appleton-Century, 1964.

Glickman, Sylvia, and Martha Furman Schleifer, ed. Women Composers: Music Throughout the Age, vol. 7, "Pauline García Viardot," by Jamée Ard. New Haven, CT: G. K. Hall & Co., 2003.

Harris, Rachel M. "The Music Salon of Pauline Viardot: Featuring Her Salon Opera Cendrillon." DMA dissertation, Louisiana State University, 2005.

Kendall-Davies, Barbara. The Life and Work of Pauline Viardot García. I: The Years of Fame, 1836-1863. London: Cambridge Scholar Press, 2003.

Parsons, Charles H. "Guide to Records: Viardot." American Record Guide 64, no. 2 (March 2001): 181.

Rose, Jerome. "Chopin's Collaborator," Keyboard Classics 8, no. 6 (1988): 7-8.

Shuster, Carolyn. "Six Mazurkas trancrites pour chant et pour piano par Pauline Viardot," Revue de Musicologie 75, no. 2 (1989): 265-283.

Tunley, David. Salons, Singers and Songs: A Background to Romantic French Song. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2002.

Viardot-Hériette, Louise. Memories and Adventures. Trans, by E. S. Buchheim. London: Mills & Boon, Limited, 1913.

Author affiliation:

Katherine LaPorta Jesensky, soprano, graduated from the University of Connecticut with a Master of Music in Vocal Performance degree in May 2009, having received her Bachelor of Music in 2007, graduating both magna cum laude. She has since moved to New York City to pursue a career as a professional opera singer.

The soprano was heard in December as Gretel with the Opera Theater of Connecticut. Further engagements include the Queen of the Night with Connecticut Lyric Opera and Ginerva in Handel's Ariodante with the New York Opera Forum in July 2011. Since moving to New York City she has also sung Gilda with Bleecker Street Opera's Rigoletto and won second place in the Little Italy Soprano Opera Competition against almost 100 America's sopranos. She also sings with the National Chorale at Lincoln Center. Other roles include: Monica in Menotti's The Medium, Leonora in John Duke's Captain Lovelock, Pamina in Mozart's The Magic Flute, and Venus in Offenbach's Orpheus and the Underworld. She has also performed internationally in the role of Pauline in Offenbach's La vie Parisienne with the Franco American Vocal Academy as part of Opera du Périgord. She has a deep interest in the life and works of women composers and has studied and performed works by Pauline Viardot, Fanny Mendelssohn, Libby Larsen, Lori Laitman, and many others. She hopes to bring more obscure female art song composers to the main repertoire of university student singers.

Appendix*:

SELECTED LIST OF WORKS

Songs

L'affligée. Text by Louis Pomey. Paris: E. Gérard & Cie, 188?

Aimez-moi. Text by Louis Pomey, after a fifteenth century poem. Paris: H. Heugel, 1886.

Les attraits. Text unknown (eighteenth century poem). Paris: Enoch Frères & Costallat, 1893.

Au jardin de mon père. Text unknown. Paris: E. Fromont, 1900.

Aurore. Text by Afanasij Feth; translated to French by Louis Pomey. Paris: E. Gérard, 1866.

Bonjour mon coeur. Text by Ronsard. Paris: Enoch et Cie., 1895.

Chanson de la faucille. Text by Koltsoff; translated to French by Louis Pomey. Paris: Gérard, 1866.

Chanson de la pluie. Text by Ivan Turgenev. Paris: Enoch et Cie., 1900.

Chanson de l'infante. Fifteenth century poem; translated to French by Louis Pomey. Paris: H. Heugel, 1886.

La chanson villageoise. Text by Louis Pomey. Paris: Gérard, 1881.

Chant du soir. Text by Afanasij Feth; translated to French by Louis Pomey. Paris: Gérard, 1866.

La chevelure. Text by Löys. Paris: G. Miran, 1905.

Elle passe. Text by Pauline Viardot. Paris: G. Miran, 1886.

En douleur et tristesse. Text based on fifteenth century poem. Paris: G. Miran, 1905.

Évocation. Text by Aleksandr Pushkin; translated to French by Louis Pomey. Paris: Gérard, 1866.

Fleur desséchée. Text by Aleksandr Pushkin; translated to French by Louis Pomey. Paris: Gérard, 1866.

Fünf Gedichte. St. Petersburg: A. Johansen, 1874.

1. Der Nachtwandler. Text by R. Pohl

2. Finnischeslied. Text by W. Goethe

3. Der Jüngling und das Mädchen. Text by Aleksandr Pushkin

4. Die Soldatenbraut. Text by Eduard Mörike

5. Im April. Text by E. Geibel

Géorgienne. Text by Aleksandr Pushkin; translated to French by Louis Pomey. Paris: Gérard, 1866.

Grands oiseaux blancs. Text by Louis Pomey. Paris: Enoch, 1893.

In der Frühe. Text by Eduard Mörike. Leipzig & Weimar: Robert Seitz, n.d.

Indécision. Text by Louis Pomey. Paris: Gérard: 1881.

* Compilation of sources, but the majority of this information was found in Jamée Ard, "Pauline García Viardot," in Sylvia Glickman and Martha Furman Schleifer, eds., Women Composers: Music Throughout the Age, vol. 7 (New Haven, CT: G.K. Hall & Co., 2003), 160.

Lamento. Text by Théophile Gautier. Paris: Enoch Frères & Costallat, 188?

Liberté. Text by Stéphan Bordèse. Paris: G. Miranm 1905.

Mélodies. Paris: G. Miran, 1904.

1 . Le toréador. Text by Victor Hugo

2. Peronelle. Fifteenth century poem

3. Poursuite. Tuscan poem

4. Sara la baigneuse. Text by Victor Hugo

5. La vase brisé. Text by Sully Prudhomme

6. Le savetier et le financier. Text by LaFontaine

La mésange. Text by Ivan Turganev. Paris: Gérard, 1866.

Nixe Binsefuss. Text by Eduard Mörike. Leipzig & Weimar: Robert Seitz, 1860?

Parme. Text by Sully Prudhomme. Paris: Enoch, 1893.

Les ombres de minuit. Text byt Afanasij Feth; translated to French by Louis Pomey. Paris: Gérard, 1866.

L'orage. Text by Aleksandr Pushkin; translated to French by Louis Pomey. Paris: Gérard, 1866.

Reproches! Text by Louis Pomey. Paris: Gérard, 1881.

Ressemblance! Text by Sully Prudhomme. Paris: Durand & Schoenewerke, 1889.

Rossignol, rossignolet. Text by Joseph Boulmier. Paris: Enoch & Costallet, 1893.

Scène d'Hermione. Text by Racine. Paris: H. Heugel, 1887.

Sérénade Florentine. Text by Louis Pomey. Paris: E. Gérard, 188?

Six Mélodies. Paris: Au Ménestrel, 1884.

1. Sylvie. Text by Boileau

2. Berceuse. Text by Auguste de Chatillon

3. Sérénade. Text by Théophile Gautier

4. L'énigme. Text by R. Pohl

5. Le miroir. Text by Louis Pomey

6. Insommie. Text by unknown

Six Mélodies. Paris: Au Ménestrel, 1888.

1. A la fontaine. Text by Eugène Hubert

2. Belle Yoli. Text by Roger de Beauvoir

3. Ici-bas tous les lilacs meurent. Text by Sully Prudhomme

4. Madrid. Text by Alfred de Musset

5. Les filles de Cadiz. Text by Alfred de Musset

Six Mélodies et un Havanaise variée à 2 Voix. Paris: H. Heugel, 1880.

1. La main. Text by Henri Charles Read

2. Dernier aveu. Text by Théophile Gautier

3. J'en mourrai. Text by Victor Wilder

4. Hail Luli! Text by Xavier de Maistre

5. Gentilles hirondelles. Text by Victor Wilder

6. Chanson mélancholique. Text by d'Armand Silvestre

7. Havanaise variée. Text by Louis Pomey

Twelve Lieder. Bryn Mawr, PA: Hildegard Publishing Company, 1994.

1. Das Blümlein. Text by Aleksandr Pushkin.

2. Auf Grusien's Hügeln. Text by Aleksandr Pushkin

3. Ruhige heilige Nacht. Text by Afanasij Feth

4. Mitternächtige Bilder. Text by Afanasij Feth

5. Flüstern, athemscheues Lauschen. Text by Afanasij Feth

6. Die Beschwörung. Text by Aleksandr Pushkin

7. Die Meise. Text by Ivan Turgenev

8. Zwei Rosen. Text by Afanasij Feth

9. Des Nachts. Text by Aleksandr Pushkin

10. Der Gefangene. Text by Aleksandr Pushkin

11. Das Vöglein. Text by Aleksandr Pushkin

12. Die Sterne. Text by Afanasij Feth

Trois jours de vendange. Text by A. Daudet. Paris: Enoch, 1893.

Transcriptions for Voice

Canzonetta de concert (La nuit monte). Haydn, String Quartet no. 17, op. 3, no. 5, second movement; transcribed for voice by Pauline Viardot. Text by Louis Pomey. Paris: Heugel et cie., 1845?

Les cavaliers. Brahms, Hungarian Dance #1 and #7; transcribed for voice by Pauline Viardot. Text by Louis Pomey. New York: Da Capo, 1988.

Tes yeux. Schubert, Waltz (D. 969 no. 9); transcribed for voice by Pauline Viardot. Text by Louis Pomey. Paris: J. Hamelle, 1890?

12 Mazurkas. Frederic Chopin; transcribed for voice by Pauline Viardot. Text by Louis Pomey. Jerome Rose, editor. New York: International Music Company, 1988.

1. Seize ans

2. Aime-moi

3. Plainte d'amour

4. Coquette

5. L'oiselet

6. Séparation

7. La fête

8. Faible coeur!

9. La jeune fille

10. Berceuse

11. La danse

12. La beauté

Opera/Operetta

Trop de femmes (1867). Text by Ivan Turganev. Unpublished.

L'orge (1868). Text by Ivan Turganev. Unpublished.

Le dernier sorcier (Der letzte Zauberer) (1869). Text by Ivan Turganev. Unpublished.

Le conte de fées (1879). Text by Pauline Viardot. Unpublished.

Cendrillon (1904?). Text by Pauline Viardot. Unpublished.

Piano Music

2 Airs de ballet. Paris: G. Miran, 1906?

Défilé bohemian for piano 4 hands, 1885.

Introduction et polonaise for piano 4 hands, 1874.

Mazourke for piano, 1868.

Second album Russe for piano, 1874.

Suite Arménienne for piano 4 hands, date unknown.

Chamber and Ensemble Music

Choeur Bohemian (SSA chorus and soli). Paris: Enoch & Cie, 188?

Choeur des elfes (SSA chorus and soli). Paris: Enoch and Cie, 1890?

Choeur de jileases.

La jeune république.

Six morceaux pour violon et piano. Bryn Mawr, PA: Hildegard Publishing Company, 1993.

Sonatine pour piano et violon. Bryn Mawr, PA: Hildegard Publishing Company, 1993.

Les trios belles demoiselles (for three voices). Paris: H. Heugel, 188?

Marche militaire for 2 flutes, piccolo, 2 oboes, 2 brass choirs. 1868.

Pedagogic Studies

Une heure étude (first and second series). Paris: Heugel et Fils, 1880?